Functions like vasoconstriction, cellular proliferation, cellular hypertrophy, fibrosis, atherosclerosis, antinatriuresis, and release of aldosterone, endothelin, norepinephrine, and vasopressin are initiated by binding of Ang II to AT1R. In addition, Ang II induces mitochondrial dysfunction via a protein kinase C-dependent pathway by activating the endothelial cell NADPH oxidase and formation of peroxynitrite [30]. This evidence concerns the gene AGT and atherosclerosis.