In a recent study involving 250 clinically stable, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, higher intakes of n-3 PUFA were associated with lower proinflammatory cytokine concentrations (e.g., tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFα)) while higher n-6 PUFA intake was associated with higher proinflammatory interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) concentrations in the diseased state [33]. The gene discussed is TNF; the disease is chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.