TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Several inflammatory mediators released from adipocytes and macrophages, such as TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, CRP, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1), PAI-1, and MIF, contribute to a low level of chronic inflammatory state in obesity and may be responsible for renal injury in obesity-associated glomerulopathy.