Although memory impairment has been shown to result from increased cytokine expression (e.g., IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α) in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and post-operatively [25], [26], the functional role of inflammatory mediators in MS/EAE-mediated memory impairment has yet to be fully elucidated. Here, TNF is linked to vascular dementia.