Neurons may not be directly affected in GFAP-DNSynCAM1 mice, because mutations in CADM1 (the SynCAM1 gene in humans) that cause morphological abnormalities in neurons and defects in synaptogenesis, are not associated to ADHD, but instead appear to contribute to the molecular pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder [28]. Here, GFAP is linked to attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder.