TLR4 and multiple system atrophy: Ablation of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) in a tg mouse model of MSA with oligodendroglial αS overexpression augmented motor disability and enhanced loss of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons, which were associated with increased brain levels of αS linked to disturbed TLR-4-mediated microglial phagocytosis of αS [57].