Hypermethylated genes in PCa include DNA damage repair genes (e.g., glutathione S-transferase Pi (GSTP1) and the DNA alkyl-repair gene O6-methylguanine DNA methyltransferase (MGMT)), hormonal response genes (e.g., androgen receptor (AR), estrogen receptor (ER)), cell-cycle control genes (e.g., CDKN2A), tumor-suppressor genes (e.g., VHL, RB1, APC), apoptosis genes (e.g., death-associated protein kinase (DAPK)), and invasion and metastasis genes (e.g., Cadherins, CD44, TIMPs). Here, ESR1 is linked to posterior cortical atrophy.