ADRB2 and Parkinson disease: We have used five relatively novel approaches in anti-inflammatory therapy to prevent DA neurodegeneration in rodent models of PD, and these approaches include (1) the use of endogenous anti-inflammatory cytokines IL10 or TGFβ1, (2) the use of morphinan-related compounds; (3) the use of PHOX inhibitor DPI; (4) the targeting of IKK, a major component of the signaling pathway activating the canonical form of NF-κB, which is the major transcriptional regulator of inflammation; (5) the use of β-2 adrenergic receptor (β-2AR) agonists.