In rat studies of STZ-induced diabetes, there is associated structural remodelling of Cxs (Cx40, Cx43, and Cx45) in the sinoatrial node and ventricular myocytes, which may partially account for sinus arrhythmias, ventricular arrhythmias, and prolonged QT/QRS conditions found in human diabetes [39, 40]. Here, GJA1 is linked to diabetes mellitus.