AKT1 and muscle atrophy: Regarding the proteolytic machinery, Akt/PKB is known to phosphorylate the transcription factor forkhead box class-O (FoxO), which translates the two majority genes (or E3 ligases) of muscle atrophy: atrogin-1 and muscle RING-finger protein-1 (MuRF-1) [12, 18, 19], to phosphorylate mTOR and stimulate protein synthesis, and to modulate glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) to the sarcolemma [20].