PTPN22 and type 1 diabetes mellitus: One of the most interesting genes associated with SLE is PTPN22. This gene encodes for the protein tyrosine phosphatase Lyp, in which a missense mutation that changes residue 1858 from cytosine to thymidine (1858C/T) is associated with multiple autoimmune disorders including SLE, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and type 1 diabetes (T1D) [24, 25].