CXCL1 and infection: As shown in Fig. 6A, mRNA levels of genes encoding for chemokines (CXCL1 and CXCL5), cytokines (IL-10, IL-15 and IL-32), pattern recognition receptors (TLR1) and innate signaling molecules like IRAK3 and TRAF6, were all increased after MVA-C infection in comparison with MVA-WT-infected cells.