A number of studies have investigated CTGF in type 1 diabetes [18-20] and shown that CTGF is important in the pathogenesis of kidney disease; plasma CTGF levels correlate with proteinuria and creatinine clearance [18], and can predict end-stage kidney disease and mortality [19], whilst urinary CTGF levels correlate with kidney disease severity [20]. This evidence concerns the gene CCN2 and kidney disorder.