Lin et al. demonstrated that school-age preterm children with PVL-induced CP had significantly higher plasma concentrations of TNF-α, increased TNF-α released from LPS-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and mRNA expression of inflammatory signaling molecules, including TLR4 and TNF-α, in PBMCs compared to normal control school-age preterm children [101]. This evidence concerns the gene TNF and periventricular leukomalacia.