TNF and uveitis: Ohgami et al. [62] demonstrated multiple effects of intravenous astaxanthin administration in a uveitis model in rats, including anti-inflammatory [reductions in levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)] and direct enzyme-inhibiting activity (against inducible nitric oxide synthase, iNOS).