PON1 and atherosclerosis: These studies lay the ground for future studies around three axes: (1) mechanistic studies addressing the intimate explanation for low PON1 activity and mass; (2) prospective studies focusing on whether there is an added predictive value in measuring PON1 activity (and PON1 activity in HDL3) in this patient population; (3) intervention studies attempting to increase PON1 activity, studying outcomes providing information on effective delay in the progression of atherosclerosis.