For AMD, at least two recent studies highlight the lack of consistent replication of association across large population studies: initial associations found between AMD and SNPs in the Toll-like receptor 3 [51] and the Serpin Peptidase Inhibitor, Clade G, member 1 (SERPING1) genes [52] could not be replicated independently [47,53]. The gene discussed is SERPING1; the disease is age-related macular degeneration.