IFNA1 and viral infectious disease: Kitazawa et al. showed that Lactobacillus strains induce IFN-α from macrophages [48], and Izumo et al. observed that intranasal or oral administration of L. pentosus strain resulted in enhancement of IFN-α production elicited by viral infection, a response in part attributable to the pDC subpopulation [49], [50].