TNF and type 2 diabetes mellitus: As shown in Figure 2, all of the pro-inflammatory cytokines evaluated (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-α) were increased in patients with type 2 diabetes, although only the increases in TNF-α, IL-8, and IL-12 p70 were statistically significant in comparison to healthy individuals (P < 0.05) (Figure 2A).