Despite this beneficial effect at lower milk insulin levels, they also noted that high endogenous insulin levels in human milk were associated with a significantly increased incidence of β-cell autoimmunity in children, in both control mothers (P = 0.030) and mothers with type 1 diabetes (P = 0.045), which may suggest that exposure to high levels of endogenous insulin can also promote autoimmunity. This evidence concerns the gene INS and Autoimmunity.