In sum, our data suggests that MCM2 may not be a useful indicator of CIN in general or invasive cervical cancer because: 1) it has a relatively low specificity (66%) plus NPV (57%) and 2) the expression of MCM2 can be markedly influenced by non-HPV related factors, such as co-existent HIV-1 infection as shown in this. Here, MCM2 is linked to HIV-1 infection.