This group utilized this information and replicated these as well as additional LPHN3 SNPs in several populations including polysubstance abuser individuals from the National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) (Bergen et al. 1999), samples from alcohol-dependent individuals from the Collaborative Studies on Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) (Johnson et al. 2006; Liu et al. 2006), and samples from methamphetamine-dependent individuals from Japan and Taiwan (Uhl et al. 2008a, b). This evidence concerns the gene ADGRL3 and alcohol dependence.