INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Animal models of type 1 diabetes include pancreatic β-cells destruction by the DNA-alkylating mechanism of streptozotocin [35], targeted autoimmune destruction of β-cells due to transgenic expression of viral proteins (RIP-GP mice) [36], and decreased proinsulin production and processing due to mutations in the insulin 2 gene (Ins2Akita (Mody) mouse) [37].