CCL3 and malaria: Furthermore MIP-1α protein and mRNA expression have been shown to be significantly elevated in the plasma of children with both mild and severe malaria (Ochiel et al., 2005), inducing proliferation of macrophages and expression of TNF-α, and exposure to P. falciparum antigens enhances MIP-1α production in neonates (Kocherscheidt et al., 2010).