In order to identify whether the potential co-infections would influence the cytokine production and the biological significance of IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10, we compared IL-8, IL-6 and IL-10 productions between patients with only HBoV detection, and patients with HBoV and other viruses or bacteria detection, no significant differences were found (table 7 and table 8). Here, IL10 is linked to coinfection.