In the Northern Territory of Australia, where NTHi is a major cause of respiratory disease and otitis media, several randomised controlled trials are underway to assess the effect of antibiotics such as azithromycin, and vaccines including the pneumococcal H. influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine (PHiD-10CV; Synflorix®), on NTHi carriage. The gene discussed is DHRS2; the disease is otitis media.