CD4 and Kaposi's sarcoma: In this respect, HHV-8-associated Kaposi sarcoma is observed in patients with preserved CD4+ T cell counts; the prevalence of papillomavirus-related anal neoplasia continues to increase in aging HIV-1 infected individuals despite highly active antiretroviral therapy [45]; and the suppressive effect of CD40L may be relevant for the development of EBV-associated Hodgkin lymphoma [46].