The frequency of TB in this study indicates a need for comprehensive implementation of the WHO's ‘3 I's’ approach to TB control (intensified case finding, isoniazid prophylactic therapy and infection control) within correctional facilities [53] and timely ART initiation in TB/HIV co-infected inmates with CD4 cell counts <350 cells/mm3 (as per updated South African National guidelines) [43]. Here, CD4 is linked to infection.