As shown in Figure 3, peritoneal macrophages stimulated with any of the three TLR agonists exhibited dramatically increased TNF and IL-6 levels at one, three and five days after infection with P. yoelii 17XNL(Figure 3A,C) or 17XL(Figure 3B,D), which was consistent with the response of macrophages to pRBC lysate. Here, TNF is linked to infection.