Fifteen patients were ineligible (6 patients because of chronic myeloid leukaemia, 1 patient because of blast crisis, 1 because of myelodysplastic syndrome with a duration longer than 6 months, 4 because of other diseases which met the exclusion criteria, 1 because the age did not fulfil the inclusion criteria and 2 because of other malignancies), and 41 patients could not be evaluated, including 37 patients who participated to the GM-CSF study [25]. Here, CSF2 is linked to chronic myelogenous leukemia, BCR-ABL1 positive.