VCAM1 and peripheral arterial disease: Raised circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α; 14.48 ng/ml versus 9.32 ng/ml and IL-6; 11.81 ng/ml versus 7.30 ng/ml), chemokines (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); 485.09 ng/ml versus 464.35 ng/ml, and inter-cellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1); 316.7 ng/ml versus 207.65 ng/ml) are found in the plasma of patients with PAD [106].