The effect variables are shown in Table 3 (UNa, FENa and u-ENaCβ-CR), Table 4 (V, CH2O, u-AQP2CR, u-osm, u-c-AMP, u-PGE2, and s-osm), Table 5 (PRC, AngII, Aldo, ANP, BNP and AVP), and Table 6 (GFR, SBP, DBP and HR) before (baseline), and after the hypertonic saline infusions in the patients with essential hypertension and the normotensive controls during HS and LS intake, respectively. Here, NPPA is linked to essential hypertension.