Notably, compared with control cells, MMP loss was reduced in VprBPKD-, DDB1KD-, and CUL4AKD- cells after Lenti-Vpr infection, indicating that Vpr targeted Mfn2 to damage mitochondria through interacting with VprBP-DDB1-CUL4A ligase complex (Fig. 10F). Here, DDB1 is linked to infection.