Inspired by elegant studies in murine malaria models clearly demonstrating that the induction of HO-1 helps prevent severe forms of malaria [9], [10], and the intriguing possibility either to manipulate HO-1 activity pharmaceutically [71], [72] or to mimic its effect by administering CO [20], we explored the role of HO-1 in children with severe and uncomplicated P. falciparum infection. This evidence concerns the gene HMOX1 and malaria.