From these data, it is tempting to speculate that breast cancer patients undergoing antiestrogen therapy may benefit from a diet low in vitamin E. Minimally, further studies are needed the better to define the mechanism of action of vitamin E, its effect on the MEK1/MAPK prosurvival axis that contributes to the regulation of the Bim proapototic action, and its effect on the efficacy of endocrine therapy for breast cancer. Here, MAP2K1 is linked to breast cancer.