TLR4 and viral infectious disease: A surprisingly small number of genes from immune signalling pathways known to respond to viral infection in other invertebrates were differentially regulated; comparison of viral responsive genes with those downstream of the Toll and IMD pathway in A. gambiae[24] and the JAK/STAT pathway in A. gambiae (unpublished data) demonstrated very little overlap in gene expression indicating that these pathways are not activated by ONNV infection.