A surprisingly small number of genes from immune signalling pathways known to respond to viral infection in other invertebrates were differentially regulated; comparison of viral responsive genes with those downstream of the Toll and IMD pathway in A. gambiae[24] and the JAK/STAT pathway in A. gambiae (unpublished data) demonstrated very little overlap in gene expression indicating that these pathways are not activated by ONNV infection. This evidence concerns the gene SOAT1 and viral infectious disease.