MAPK8 and brain ischemia: As demonstrated in several preclinical studies, XG-102 and similar peptidergic JNK-inhibitor could improve the outcome in several degenerative processes like hearing loss [26], cerebral ischemia [27], haemorrhage [28], retinal neovascularisation and retinal exitotoxicity [29], metabolic syndromes including diabetes [30], [31], as well as atherosclerosis [32] (reviewed by [33], [34], [35]).