INS and metabolic syndrome: In the present study, we examined the association of red meat and whole-grain bread consumption with plasma levels of biomarkers related to glucose metabolism (glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c), insulin sensitivity (adiponectin), inflammation (C-reactive protein, CRP), oxidative stress (gamma-glutamyltransferase, GGT), hepatic fat accumulation (GGT; alanine-aminotransferase, ALT, and fetuin-A) and dyslipidemia (high density lipoprotein cholesterol, HDL-C, and triglycerides) and whether their associations with biomarker levels may be modified by each other.