To determine the roles of TLRs and the Th17-associated cytokines in the pathogenesis of SS, we first examined the in situ expression of various TLRs (TLR2, TLR4, and TLR6) and Th17-associated cytokines such as IL-17 and IL-23 by immunohistochemistry in the minor salivary glands of 16 patients with SS and five disease controls. The gene discussed is TLR4; the disease is synovial sarcoma.