Intracellular EMAP II expression is increased during fetal development at epithelial/mesenchymal boundaries [19], [21] and in pathophysiologic fibroproliferative processes such as the distal alveoli of BPD [22], emphysema [23], and the scar tissue of myocardial ischemia [24]; the functional role of intracellular EMAP II, however, is poorly understood. Here, AIMP1 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.