Although we found that neutralizing anti-TGF-β antibodies were sufficient to counteract the effect of either HIV-1 infection or that of the addition of TGF-β on CD91/LRP-1 surface expression and Leishmania entry in MDMs, respectively, it is noteworthy that we were unable to detect, by quantitative RT-PCR, production of newly secreted TGF-β in HIV-1-infected MDM populations. The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is HIV-1 infection.