In addition, to exclude a possible spurious association by the population stratification owing to mixture of different ethnic populations, we selected 11 neutral and 7 non-neutral SNPs, which are independent of KIR and HLA, and not in LD with each other, and then, performed association analyses using those SNPs on cerebral and non-cerebral malaria patients. The gene discussed is KIR3DL1; the disease is cerebral malaria.