Since bone marrow p16INK4a-deficiency did not affect collagen deposition and since we did not observe any differences with respect to changes in the media of the vessel wall (data not shown), the effects of p16INK4a on vascular remodeling during atherosclerosis and restenosis appear independent of immune cells or other bone marrow-derived cells. The gene discussed is CDKN2A; the disease is atherosclerosis.