TNF and lymphoma: In line with an early study showing that CTX induced a Th2 to Th1 shift in the cytokine profile of lymphoma-bearing rats [65], we have recently reported in a mouse lymphoma model that CTX overcomes tumor-driven aberrant CD4+ T-cell differentiation and directs CD4+ T cells to become highly activated polyfunctional effector cells, marked by their ability to concomitantly produce multiple Th1-type cytokines including IL2, IFNγ, and TNFα [64].