CSF2 and neoplasm: Accumulating evidence demonstrates that there is a surge of proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines, such as GMCSF, IL1β, IL6, and CXCL10, in the postchemotherapy immune milieu, which may contribute to the recruitment and retention of tumor-reactive immune cells, including activated CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, DCs, macrophages, and neutrophiles, in the tumor microenvironment [15, 17, 34].