TNF and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Indeed, obesity is associated with increased levels of blood monocytes [12], [13], which are already activated in the circulation and are characterized by an increase in NFκB activity, an increase in the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes (e.g. tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)) and an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [14].