CA1 and cancer: The presence of CA was initially thought to be due to retinal haemorrhage and erythrolysis, but subsequent investigation demonstrated that CA is also actively involved in the progression of diabetic retinopathy; CA-1 expression leads to the activation of the contact system, the intrinsic pathway of coagulation, and promotes retinal vessel leakage and intraretinal edema via increased kallikrein activity [8].