As shown by Johnston et al. (2010) [63], crude extracts of this tapeworm could inhibit the production of TNF-α and IL-6 by mouse and human macrophages stimulates with TLR agonists poly(I:C) and Flagellin. These extracts also protected mice from experimental colitis accompanied by enhanced IL-10 and IL-4 production. Here, TNF is linked to colitis.