INS and helminthiasis: The additional finding of increased expression of molecules associated with insulin has parallels in two recent studies in which: 1) activation of the IL-4/Stat6 pathway, important in immunity to helminths [55], [56], has been shown to increase insulin action during helminth infection [57], and 2) there was a relationship between eosinophil production of IL-4, alternatively activated macrophages in adipose tissue, and enhanced glucose tolerance in a mouse model of Nippostrongylus brasiliensis infection [58].