Our in vitro results, obtained by MCs stimulation with TGF-β1 in combination with IL-1β coincide with previous studies where, in a model of lung fibrosis, adenovirus mediated TGF-β1 gene transfer induced severe and progressive fibrosis without apparent inflammation, whereas IL-1β induced inflammation and progressive fibrosis linked to IL-1β-dependent TGF-β1 expression [37]. Here, IL1B is linked to pulmonary fibrosis.