Another area for improvement could be the use of datasets that are comprehensive and have more homogenous patient populations, such as pre-malignant lesions, tissues at the early stage of tumour progression and patients with different immune status.The human lung tissue QRT-PCR array assay of 24 paired mRNA samples of cancer and adjacent normal lung tissues was used to validate two genes SPP1 and CENPA, which perfectly discriminate lung AC from PT-ATs with consistent fold-changes. Here, CENPA is linked to neoplasm.